فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال سوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1390)

The purpose of this study is to determine he relationship between body fat percentage and physical fitness componests (sit-ups-45 meters dash- Long Jump – 49 meters Run) in females of University of Gilan. 118 young girls (235 years) were selected non-randomly from P. E. Classes in University of Gilan. Body fat percentage was measured by calliper based on jackson & Pollock method in 3 skinfolds (triceps، suprailiac and thigh) and determined by Raven-Baun and nomogram sit – ups considered in 1-minute and 45 meters dash. Long Jump and 49 meters run were performed according to AAHPERD guidelines. It can be concluded that there is a reverse significant relationship between body fat percentage and long Jump.

Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tarbiat Moallem University,M.A. in Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Arak University Assistant Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Arak University Recognizing anthropometric characteristics of swimmers as effective factors in improving qualitative performing level of swimming skills is considered influential in increasing records in this field. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and the speed of 50-meter and 100-meter front crawls and backstroke in premier female swimmers of Tehran province. The characteristics of 18 premier swimmers (aged between 12 and 16) including height, length and girth of body, body composition and somatotype were measured. The speed of 50 and 100 meters were measured by applying the operating the records of every individual. We used Pearson correlative method to analyze the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and the speed of 50- and 100-meter records. A significant relationship were observed only between height and forearm girth to the speed of 50-meter front crawl and hip girth and length of calf to thespeed of 100-meter front crawl. The findings of this research implied that the participants, except for some instances, did not enjoy sufficient anthropometric characteristics for front crawl and backstroke. So, it seems that to select these swimmers for the intended skills, there have not been sufficient considerations for physical and anatomical structure of the body.

The aim of this study was to compare physical fitness and mental health of preuniversity and 3rd-grade high school students. 40 pre-university students and 3rd grade high school students of Delijan city were selected randomly and were investigated physically and mentally. For this reason, we used some selected AAHPERD test including 540-meter running, sit up, pull up, agility, and sit and reach tests for physical investigation and general health questionnaire (GHQ) for mentalinvestigation. Results showed that the anxiety and sleep disorder, social function, depression symptoms, general health (mental factors), cardio respiratory endurance, shoulder girdle muscle endurance, and flexibility (physical factors) of 3rd-grade high school students were significantly better than the other group. But, there was not a significant difference in somatic symptoms, abdomen muscles endurance, and physical fitness between the two groups. Meanwhile, there was a significant correlation between physical fitness and general health in both groups. Also, the correlation between physical fitness and general health in pre-university students was better than other students.

Fatigue as a complex phenomenon is caused by peripheral muscle weakness or by a failure to initiate or sustain a voluntary drive to the muscle by the CNS. During a soccer match, players exercise with a relatively high intensity. It is therefore not surprising that fatigue occurs causing the performance to fall off in the later stages of the match in the second half. Since decision-making as well as technical and tactical aspects are important elements in soccer, fatigue towards the end of the match could cause deteriorations in mental and physical performance. The availability of choline, the precursor of the neurotransmitter of acetylcholine, in the diet is sufficient to meet the body’s requirements under normal conditions. Preliminary evidence indicates that the depletion of choline may limit the performance while oral supplementation may delay fatigue during prolonged efforts. A double-blind design was used to determine the relationship between plasma choline andacetylcholine to fatigue during a soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. Thirty adult male soccer players were divided into three groups randomly: placebo group and two experimental groups that ingested flavored water, lecithin and hydro-alcoholic extract of sage 2.5 hours before and during a soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. The peripheral choline and acetylcholine levels were determined from venous blood samples collected 2.5 hours before, half-time and immediately after the soccer-specific intermittent running protocol. Subjects also completed the POMS and RPE. Based on our observations that during the soccer-specific intermittent protocol or towards the end of the soccer match fatigue in adult male soccer players is associated with reduced plasma choline and acetylcholine, our working hypothesis was that a high ratio of choline and acetylcholine in the plasma prevents peripheral fatigue and subsequently enhances performance in soccer matches.

The purpose of this study was to investigate first aid skills and knowledge of Physical Education (P.E.) teachers and first aid equipment in junior high schools in Ahwaz. The researcher-made questionnaires were used to evaluate research variables. All public junior high schools (n=146) and their P.E. teachers (n=148) were selected as a sample group. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent samples, T test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA at p<0/05.The mean of P.E. teachers’ first aid knowledge (6.33±0.15) was in the middle of the range; the mean of the first aid equipment (10.54±0.40) was in the weak area of the range. There was no significant difference between male and female P.E. teachers in first aid knowledge. There was no significant relationship between the number of students in junior high schools and first aid knowledge to first aid equipment; there was no significant relationship between teacher's first aid knowledge and school first aid equipment. Regarding the safety in P.E. classes and considering these results, we offered the P.E. managers in educational constitutes regular classes to increaseteacher's knowledge and skills. The P.E. teachers and health coaches in junior high schools must participate in regular classes to enhance their first aid skills and knowledge. The first aid equipment in schools must be identified and prepared.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of strength and endurance protocols on plasma cardiovascular risk factor in male students of Kermanshah Azad University. For this reason TG, T-COL, LDL and HDL were measured before and after the training protocols. 45 volunteers male were randomly allocated to endurance group (22±2.2 year, 172.2±5.7 cm and 69.2±6.2 kg), strength group (21±1.7 year, 169±3.1 cm, 71.3±4.2 kg) and control group (22±3.4 year, 171.4±4.7 cm and 72.1±5.4 kg). The control group received no intervention from the investigator but the strength group participated in a 16 week strength training program including 7 original movements. Endurance group continued training program one sessionper week at the same time. Data analysis with dependent T test shows that the effect of strength training on low TG and T-COL levels was significant but on HDl and LDL not significant (P≤5%) the effect of endurance training on low TG, T-COL and high HDL was significant but on LDL plasma not significant (P≤5%).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an aerobic continuous training on HDL-C, LDL-C, TC and TG (lipids profile) in old female wistar rats. Thirty two (21.5 months old) female wistar 14848 rats were randomly assigned to two groups (control and experimental groups) and performed 18 sessions (3 days/week) of a treatment running. The rats were treated and used in accordance with protocols approved by Pastor Institute of Iran. Normal distribution of dependent variables was documented by Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. In case of a significant interaction, T testwas applied to investigate the effect of the two different tests more closely. Post hoc analyses were carried out by Scheffe and LSD tests. The level of statistical significance was P<0.05. The results showed a significant difference in HDL-C, LDLC, TC and TG between pretest and posttest in the experimental group. There was also a significant difference in HDL-C, LDL-C, TG between the experimental and control groups. After 18 weeks, there was no significant difference in TC between the two groups in the posttest. Meanwhile, their weight insignificantly decreased after 18 weeks of aerobic continuous training in the experimental group.

In this study, twenty five (18-25 years old) students who had not participated in any regular exercises were randomly selected and performed 8 weeks of aerobic exercises. The students exercised 45 minutes, 5 times a week. Variables studied were measured by the scientific comparison of the blood samples before and immediately after the last session of exercises. T-test was used and the results showed a significant difference in the blood factor, monocyte.

The purpose of this study was to investigate a possible relationship between specific hand dimensions and handgrip strength in preadolescent swimmers. For this purpose, 18 trained male swimmers (10-13 years old) who were the members of Mashhad Swimming Association participated in this study. The standard method of Visnapuu was used to measure 15 anthropometric parameters of hand. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple-regression tests. Results showed that except FSI parameter which had with no significant relationship with handgrip strength (P=0.89, r=0.412), there was a significant relationship betweenFS2, FS3, FS4, FS5, TL, IFL, MFL, RFL, LFL, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 parameters and handgrip strength (P<0.05). Also, results of multiple-regression test showed that among all measured parameters, P4 was the strongest predictor of handgrip strength in young swimmers (P<0.001, R2=0.56).

University of Kermanshah, Azad University of Kermanshah The purpose of this study was to study the effect of wining and losing with respect to objective direction on 60 football players who randomly participated in this study. With respect to the direction aim, the players were divided into ego orientation and task orientation groups. After and before the game, the data were collected using selfesteem and direction aim questionnaires. Independent and dependent T-test indicated no significant difference in self-esteem between task and ego orientation groups before the match and after wining and losing. Average mean of self-esteem in task and ego orientation groups did not significantly change after losing and winning.

The Purpose of this study was to determine "The effect of aerobic interval training and detraining on IgG, IgM and IgA in female wistar rats". Frothy – eight, 20 months old female wistar14848 rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups (control and experimental) and completed 12 weeks (5 days/ week) of treatment running and 4 weeks detraining after 12 weeks training. Care and use of the rats were accordance with protocols approved by the pastor institute of Iran. IgG, IgM and IgA measured for 3 times [pre-test (test 1, at the beginning of training), post-test(test 2 after 12weeks of training) and detraining (test 3, 4 weeks rest after 12 weeks of training) in blood samples. Normal distribution of dependent variables was documented by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. In case of a significant interaction T test was applied to investigate the effect of the two different tests more closely. Post hoc analyses were carried out using the Scheffe test. The level of statistical; significances was set at p<0.05. The results showed that interval training increased the ability of the humeral immune system in the experimental group with comparison of control group. In the period of detraining, it seemed that, the effect of interval training has more stability. Meanwhile, their weight decreased after 12 weeks of interval training in the experimental group.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relation between innovation and entrepreneurship in unsuccessful sport federations. These federations are selected by physical education organization annually. The study group consisted of 5 managers and 3 experts from each federation (overall 40 people), and the research's method was correlation. The results showed that there was no positive and meaningful relation between the innovation and entrepreneurship of the experts and managers of unsuccessful federations. These unsuccessful federations are: tennis federation, gymnastic federation, weightlifting federation, golf federation, and baseball federation.